Project risk and Procurement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Project risk and Procurement - Essay Example The differences appear because the future is not known or is not exactly predictable. Thus, it is evident that risk exists from the onset of an activity. The risks generally arise because either there are hazards within the activity or there is a lack of certainty about the activity which is being undertaken. Therefore, the nature of risks becomes identifiable in terms of information, control and resources (skills, money, time and equipment). Broadly, risk can be classified as litigation, reputation risk and environmental risk (Lansdowne, 1999). For example, one of the major cigarette manufacturing companies had to recall around 3 million cigarettes once it became aware of the fact that their cigarettes were potentially contaminated. This created significant negative publicity for the company and resulted in loss of reputation (Egbuji, 1999). Furthermore, this has also resulted in reduced revenue. In the similar way, Toyota, the giant car manufacturing company had to recall a number of products because of some issues in the braking system. This hampered the reputation of the firm badly (Elsenstein, 2013). However, the activities of Toyota after this incident took place, exemplifies the way how a company should manage its risks. This report seeks to investigate about the different types of risks associated with project management. In addition, the report will also throw light on activities undertaken by companies for managing the risks in small and large projects. The risk measurement techniques usually applied by the companies will be also discussed in this project. Risk in Project Management In the recent past, major corporate disasters such as the Enron Collapse, insolvency of Lehman Brothers etc. have increased the need of efficient corporate governance (Cervone, 2004). Similarly, catastrophic natural disasters, such as Earthquakes, Tsunami and man-made tragedies such as terrorism activities have greatly increased the risk awareness and its consequences (Bar ki, Rivard and Talbot, 2001). A company involved in project activities also encompasses different risk management activities (OGC, 2007; Otway, 1992). There are several types of risks associated with projects such as mechanical engineering, construction projects or information technology projects. In the context of project management, risk is defined as â€Å"a problem that has not happened†, but is yet to occur (Pavlak, 2004, p.20). As a result of that risk management is positioned high in every project manager’s agenda (Pender, 2001). There are various types of risks associated with project management. The most common risks are as follows: - Cost risk: - Cost risk is typically the escalation of the project cost due to improper estimation of the cost and scope creep. The cost risks are directly associated with the financials of the company. One of the most common examples of cost risk is the over budget. Project managers often falter in determining the cost requiremen t of the entire project and as a result of that the budget exceeds and companies experiences financial loss (Williams, 2005). Schedule Risk: - The schedule risk is the type risk in which managers fear that a certain activity will take longer than the expected time. Such kind of

The Sugar trade Essay Example for Free

The Sugar trade Essay Oh the wonderful sweetness of money and sugar. What drove this so called sugar trade, you ask? Consumer demand, return on investment, and slavery were all very important aspects to the making of the historic events in which were the sugar trade. Consumer demand is the product of the addicting compounds which make up sugar, adding it to about everything sugar gradually became a very important aspect in the 1500s normal lifestyle. Return on investment is when you put money into something and get a profit or get your money black plus some, thus making a business out of something. Slavery was a huge part of the sugar trade, they are what made the sugar trade possible, they worked and worked constantly to provide enough sugar for familys in the New World. Consumer demand is one of many parts of the sugar trade but crucial to the survival and thriving love of the product. Sugar consumption approached nearly 10% of overall food expenditures for familys in the 1700s. After 1660 sugar imports always exceeded over all colonial products, that means that they had and wanted more sugar than any other product that was being shipped in from foreign countries. The sugar was shipped in something called a Hogshead, it was a big barrel weighing between 700 and 1200lbs, children loved to lick the remaining sugar left in the barrel after it has been emptied. People love the way sugar tastes, we have for longer than the 1500s, as a matter of fact sugar was cultivated and grown in New Guinea some 9000 years ago. The more slaves there was the more sugar was produced. Slavery is what dramatically helped the sugar trade happen and proceed for so many years before slavery became illegal and machines replaced their jobs. Slaves could be traded for many goods like powder, bullets, brass pans, tobacco pipes, and many other things. At 14 pence a day a laborer in England in the early 1700s earned about 18 British pounds a year. For instance the Hibbert family owned 1,618 slaves in 1833, that year they made 31,120 pounds. In modern day english money thats about $48523, back then that was worth a lot more than it sounds. Familys who could afford to buy slaves to start a sugar industry always made a profit and thrived at what they did. Even if you werent in the sugar trade its self you could buy and sell trades to people who were in the business and still make huge profits. The cost of slaves went up through the years of 1748-1768. Return on Investment, money in slave trade in British Caribbean doubles their money in the sugar trade. Bought slaves for 14 pounds and sold for around 32 pounds, they typically made a good profit depending on where they bought the slave and where they sold the slave. Gives England a trad position. Owned trading system, bought for cheap sold expensively. This system was called a Mercantile system or Mercantilism. This is how the system worked, the English would buy raw items for cheap and refined or made them into finished goods, in this case they would buy sugar cane and refine it until it was white refined sugar, this series of laws began in about 1660 the Parliament in England approved a entire series of new laws taking care of colonial shipping. In conclusion that is what drove the sugar trade, the financial advantages of making money influenced many familys mainly consisting of the rich to enter into the sugar industry and most if not all did very well with their business. Slavery is another huge part of the sugar trade, without them it might not have happened, people might not have made as much money either. Consumer demand, however, is obviously the most important part of what drove the sugar trade. Peoples addicting affection for the sweetening substance got greater with the increase in population and slaves. Sugar is still a huge part of our daily lives, Its branched out to many different countries now, Weve enjoyed sugar even as far back as 9000 years ago and still continue to love it today.

The Customer Segmentation In Indian Banking System Business Essay

The Customer Segmentation In Indian Banking System Business Essay About two decades ago, when private players started rolling out their services, the state-run banks, who had in their grip almost entire retail customers in India, sensed it could be the beginning of a change, but probably never realised it would come with so much force and hit them hard. And they sure had no idea that after moving at an elephants pace for so many decades, they might be forced to change quickly and probably beyond recognition. The arrival of private banks, and in a limited way the foreign banks, changed the way banking was done in India. They changed retail customers expectations and the preferences and now in a fiercely competitive space, every bank wants to get a handle on the rapidly changing consumers taste and raise its service to retain and gain the market share. Our study conducted on educated middle-class working professionals in New Delhi offers an insight into how todays customers are picking their banks and ending contacts with those, which fail to satisfy them. The surveys findings underline the traditional services such as prompt and courteous services at branches are still important for bank customers. The study clearly highlights that customers value banks with bigger network of branches and ATMs as they consider it more reliable. Customers do prefer to have an account with a bank where their family members already have one. They also put a premium on a range of so-called new range of services: lower call waiting and the ability of the customer care staff to quickly understand their problem and connect them to the right executive.   Another interesting outcome was that most customers had more than one bank account and thus could pick bank for specific services. Introduction: India is on the path to become a global economy. Financial Institution specially banking industry plays a very important part in Indias growth. Banking in India originated in the last decades  of the 18th century. The oldest bank in existence in India is the State Bank  of India, a government owned bank  that traces its origins back  to June 1806. Central banking is the responsibility of the Reserve Bank of India, which in 1935 formally  took over  these responsibilities from the then Imperial Bank of  India.  After Indias independence, the Reserve  Bank was given broader  powers. In 1969 the government nationalized the 14 largest commercial  banks; another six banks were nationalised in 1980. Currently, India has 88 scheduled commercial banks  (SCBs)- 27 public sector  banks,  33 private  banks and 38 foreign  banks. They have a combined network of  over 53,000 branches and 17,000 ATMs network. Banking In India can be divided into three distinctive time period as described below. Pre-Nationalization Era: Private banks with individual holding were present in pre-nationalization era and Lockout of Banks were the reality in those days. With very little security regulatory mechanism Banks were functioning as discrete assets and there is very little presence of consumer services and security of assets. Post-Nationalization Era: With the backdrop of large no of incident regarding lock out of banks, Central Government had to take a drastic step and they had done the same by nationalization of Banks. Due to involvement of the Government, credibility of banks increased many fold and banking as a sector has started to grow in India. Due to very low or no competition at all government owned banks had started to function like monopolistic services with very little focus on customer services. IT-enabled era: After 1991 private banks with sound security mechanism were again allowed to enter into the banking segment. ICICI Bank, Axis Bank, HDFC Bank started their operation with state of the art IT infrastructure, which enable them with better service delivery and meet consumer expectation. Following the same trend and due to Government regulation Government owned banks like SBI, PNB, BOB had also started providing customer services through IT enablement. Due to some recent development like non-regularization of interest rate some banks had also gone ahead and started to offer differentiated product to make the banking more interesting. Recently government has started to think for allowing business houses for having the banking license. This can really be a game changer for Banking industry as more no of bank will open and try to fetch customers from the competitors with focus on customer preferences. As far as the customer segmentation in Indian Banking system is concerned, it is divided into three broad segments. Corporate: B2B transactions are covered in this segment Mid-Corporate: Transactions with SME is considered under this segment. Retail: Small individual customers are covered under this segment The opening of the banking sector to the private players and Indias rapid economic growth in the past decade has dramatically changed the financial sector landscape in the country. The keen competition brought customers to the centre-stage something unimaginable till about two decades ago when the state-run banks held monopoly and customers convenience was barely on their agenda. The power has now clearly shifted from banks to the customers, as private players scrambled to gain market share by raising service level, introducing innovative products and deploying technology at an unprecedented scale to woo customers. The expansion of foreign players, though limited, raised the consumers expectation and fuelled further competition. To match the private players, leading state-run banks initially, followed by regional banks, have raised the game and now probably every player is willing to give an arm and a leg to get an insight into the consumers behaviour. We have limited our research to educated working middle class in New Delhi a retail sub-segment that is attractive to banks because of paucity of time and resources. The findings cannot be generalized for the entire country. Review of Literature The Ernst Young Global Banking Consumers Survey 2011 has highlighted how customers were increasingly switching banks and preferring transparency to loyalty. The report said pricing was critical to customer satisfaction, although most customers had no idea how much they pay each year for services. Transparency over pricing and service promises is vital if banks are to deliver something customers value. An under-delivery of promised service was a big turn off for customers. Uppal, R. K. (2010), analysed in his study the complaints against Indian Public sector, private and foreign banks. The majority of complaints received were against the public sector banks and the complaints were related to deposit, credit cards and housing loans, clearly showing how state-run firms were unable to raise the quality of services. The study recommends the strategy to mitigate the complaints. RBI Report, Committee on Customer Service in Banks (2011), analysed evaluation of customer services in Indian Banking History. The main objective of the study was to find existing customer services in the Indian Banking system and future roadmap on the same. Authors have emphasized on customer education, involvement of stakeholders for launching any new services, comprehensive banking regulation. Focus on technology will also become major indicator for rolling out and success of services such as Internet Banking. Performance Assurance scheme for enforcing the banks to follow strict performance guideline is also mentioned in the report. Various other improvement aspects like issuing Photo ATM card and fraud detection procedure were also listed in the report. In his research on customers preference (2012), Md Nur-E-Alam Siddique of ASA University in Bangladesh has concluded that the most important factors influencing customers in selecting a private banks are speed and quality of customer services, image of the bank and quality online banking facility. The customers, however, chose a nationalized bank mainly due to low interest rate on loan, safety of deposits and convenient location, the report said. Mosad Zineldin, an Associate Professor at Stockholm University, brought forth some interesting trends in his research on bank customers preferences. The study said the price and advertising had a minor effect in a bank selection, while functional quality such as friendliness and helpfulness of staff, accuracy in account transaction management, efficiency in correcting mistakes were the major determinants of bank selection. Kannan. P., et al. (2012), emphasized in their study that service quality was an interesting field to evaluate the customer satisfaction. The main objective of the study was to examine the consumer preference towards the banking services in rural areas on the basis of (i) demography (ii) type of banks (public, private and cooperative bank). (iii) customers preferences. This study concluded that the satisfaction level of the rural customer was good. Research Methodology: We have adopted Descriptive Research Design for conducting the Research. Under Descriptive Research design we have conducted cross-sectional design, where data have been collected only once from the target audience. Another important point for emphasis in the research design part is that Indian Banks segment its customer mostly in three major category i.e. Retail, Mid- Corporate Corporate. For the purpose of this research project we will only consider the retail segment or the individual customer. As we have only followed the Convenience Sampling method for collection of data that too only for a segment of consumers, so it will not be possible for generalizing the result across the other segment. After reviewing the literature we have segmented customer preference in five key segments as shown below in the picture. Skill, responsiveness, friendliness Variety, cost, suitability Credibility, Technological efficiency Processes, Rules, Waiting time, Speed Network, location, phone/online Among the 5 segments shown above, image and personal of a Banking System is very difficult to change. Access of the banking system is majorly related to the investment that the Bank can undertake for improving its IT backbone. Product and services are can easily be changed if the entire infrastructure is already available with the bank. Survey questionnaire was designed based on the five key factor of customer effectiveness, as shown above. Flow of the questionnaire is described in the diagram below. Questionnaire was designed in the Google spreadsheet and link of the survey was shared in the mail for the sake of convenience. Another important aspect of data collection through Google spread sheet is that, a high amount of data integrity check is already built into the system as user can not pick up any alternative other than mentioned in the web format. Conclusion:- The research findings have brought good news for the banks. Most respondents (81 percent) are happy with customer services at banks, thereby giving the existing banks a pat on their back, while signaling that new entrants will find it extremely difficult to find a toehold in the fiercely competitive banking market once the RBI were to issue new licences. Family again has come to the rescue of the banks in India as majority of our respondents prefer a bank if their family members already have an account there. Banks with greater network of branches and ATMs are preferred over those with smaller networks. Customers see high value and reliability in dealing with large-network banks. Customers naturally also value lower service charges. So for any new entrant in the Indian Banking Sector has to offer low cost services to consumer for attracting them in their fold.

How Is Miss Ruddock’s Terrible Loneliness Conveyed In Alan Bennett’s Es

How Is Miss Ruddock’s Terrible Loneliness Conveyed In Alan Bennett’s A Lady Of Letters? Miss Irene Ruddock is an ordinary middle-aged woman who lives on her own. She was close to her mother who had recently passed away. Miss Ruddock has no real friends and finds it difficult to fill her time so she is often sitting in her chair, looking out of her window and noting what is going on in other people’s lives. She has no social life and she only leaves the house when she has to. Alan Bennett shows Miss Ruddock’s loneliness through her obsession of writing letters. She uses these letters as a way of communicating with the world outside her home. In the drama, before going to prison, we do not hear Miss Ruddock have a meaningful conversation with anyone other than her doctor, who she is talking to, not about her own health, but about her neighbour’s child, who she feels is being neglected. This shows that she is lonely because she has no close family or friends around her who she can talk to so she think that by writing letters she is helping the people around her and making herself feel useful. In the monologue Miss Ruddock writes letters to a wide range of people. All of the letters have one thing is common, which is that they are all letters of complaint. She goes to the funeral of somebody she barely knew and complained to the funeral directors about ‘grown men sulking in the rhododendrons with tab ends in their mouths’. She also, after a trip to London, wrote to the Queen to complain about some dog poo in front of Buckingham Palace. This tells the viewers that she is lonely because she will talk about the smallest things if it means she will be communicating with somebody. Miss Ruddock also replies to ... ... things with which to occupy her time. ‘I am that busy †¦ I’ve opted for bookbinding and dressmaking’. With these things she has had no time with which to write letters and she has nothing to complain about. The viewer also knows she is lonely as her last words in the monologue are ‘I am so happy.’ For most people prison is the worst time of their lives but prison gave Miss Ruddock a new license of life and now she has so little time for herself and feels so wanted and needed she loves life. I think that when Miss Ruddock is released from prison she will not continue to write letters. I think that, for most people the story had a sad ending, but Miss Ruddock learned a lot from prison, it helped her to overcome her ‘terrible loneliness’ by making her feel she had a purpose. It also taught her how to communicate with people orally, and how to make friends.

Chemical Reactions in Our Daily Life Essay

Science being a subject of common interest, it is very intriguing to analyze visual experiments happening in day-to-day life. There are a plethora of products that you use everyday, which are formulated with application of chemical reaction. Say for example; toothpaste, soap, shampoo, cleaning agent, etc. are all results of chemical reactions. Following are some of the most profound chemical reactions, which we encounter in everyday life : Aerobic Respiration Do you know indulging in physical movements is associated with a chemical reaction? The process requires energy, which is yielded by aerobic respiration. Over here, respiration helps breaks down glucose (an energy source) into water, carbon dioxide and energy in form of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). The balanced cellular respiration equation is represented as: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2+ 6H2O + Energy (36 ATPs) Anaerobic Respiration Due to overexercising, sometimes our body cells run out of oxygen and respire anaerobically. This cause synthesis of lactic acid and cause muscle cramps. Anaerobic respiration is observed in some bacteria, yeast and other organisms. In contrary to the aerobic type, it breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen, resulting in production of ethanol, carbon dioxide and energy. Anaerobic respiration equation is: C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + Energy Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants manufacture their own food. This occurs in presence of sunlight and other raw materials, namely carbon dioxide and water. The chlorophyll pigment harvests the light energy from sunlight, which is then converted into glucose by the phenomenon of photosynthesis. In short, it is the opposite of aerobic respiration. The equation for photosynthesis is: 6 CO2+ 6 H2O + Light energy → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Rusting of Iron Very often, you notice a coating of rust over unpainted iron surfaces, which gradually leads to disintegration of iron. This is nothing, but a chemical phenomenon called rusting. In this case, iron (a very reactive metal) combines with oxygen in presence of water (more precisely, atmospheric moisture), resulting in formation of iron oxides. The chemical reaction behind rusting can be simply represented as: Fe + O2 + H2O → Fe2O3. XH2O Propane Grill Have you ever prepared meat in a propane grill? The meat placed over the burner is cooked with the help of heat energy released after burning of propane gas. Thus, propane is the reactant which when burnt with the help of oxygen gives heat energy and other byproducts. Check out the balanced equation for the combustion reaction that take place in a propane grill: C3H8 + 5O2 → 4H2O + 3CO2 + energy Whether you consider cooking, souring, fermenting or burning, there is a chemical reaction accompanying these everyday processes. Thus, it won’t be wrong to say learning chemistry and chemical reactions start at home.

Research Paper on Autism

Research Paper on Autism Writing autism research paper needs the proper attention of writer. Writer should be able systemize the data when writing Research paper on autism. Writer should be clear in his findings, thought and ideas. Understanding the idea is the only way one can develop and organize a quality Research paper on autism. If you are not clear or your research paper on autism is not complete your readers may lose their attention or they might get confused. At CustomWritings.com we help you in writing a Research paper on autism. We have put the format of Research paper on autism in an order and you just have to follow it while writing a Research paper on autism. To take a start, do a research paper on autism topics. Once the topic is chosen go ahead. First of all you should put some introduction in your research paper on autism and you should discover the topic when taking a start of Research paper on autism, you should state definition then smoothly going through the, background of that topic of Research paper on autism. You should then motivate your audience toward topic of Research paper on autism. This introduction section of Research paper on autism is ended now. In the second part of the research paper on autism you should reveal some study, quotes, some literature background that support your topic. You should have brief knowledge of literature for the autism research paper. In Research paper on autism you should briefly analyze in order to collect the authentic data. This section calls the literature review and it should include few Research papers on autism in an organized manner. Systemized data is much important in order to put a value in you research paper on autism. Here ends this literature background section of your Research paper on autism. This third section of your Research paper on autism should contain all the methods and solution that support your idea. You should include all the research methods and data collection techniques in Research paper on autism. You have researched a particular method or your own findings in that particular topic of Research paper on autism should be mentioned. Things should not be messed up with your Research paper on autism or with original findings or you will loose credibility. This is the main body of the Research paper on autism. Now it is the time to conclude everything which you have scattered while discovering your Research paper on autism. Here you put the summary that is a small story of your whole work and also the results of Research paper on autism. You should make a list of what is done and then decide which part covers which aspect of research paper on autism.   This part should not exceed from one or two paragraphs of Research paper on autism. The last part of the Research paper on autism is adding the work cited or bibliography page. This section contains references from where you have studied with the publisher name, date, edition, chapter number, page number, year, place of publication or in case of website it should include the URL of that site. Above are the parts that if we put together form autism research paper. We entertain you in custom research papers on autism. Our company writes autism research paper in MLA and APA formats. If you need help in custom research papers on autism, or need to buy a research paper on autism we are just here to provide you original research papers for High School, College and University. We also help write a research paper on autism.

Aerobioc Respiration and Photosynthesis essays

Aerobioc Respiration and Photosynthesis essays Aerobic Respiration is the sixth and final event in the history of metabolism. This cellular process harvests energy by stripping energetic electrons from organic molecules. Aerobic respiration is the portion of cellular respiration that requires oxygen as an electron acceptor. Aerobic respiration employs the same kind of proton pump as photosynthesis and is thought to have evolved as a modification of the basic photosynthetic machinery. It was perhaps inevitable that among the descendants of these respiring photosynthetic bacteria, some would eventually do without photosynthesis entirely, subsisting only on the energy and hydrogen derived from the breakdown of organic molecules. The mitochondria within all eukaryotic cells are thought to be descendants of this bacteria. The process of aerobic respiration is quite simple. The energy of a chemical bond is contained in the potential energy of the electrons that make up the bond. Cells harvest this energy by breaking the bonds and shifting the electrons from one molecule to the next. During each transfer, the electrons lose some of their energy. At the end of this process, the high-energy electrons from the initial chemical bonds have lost much energy, and these depleted electrons are to the final electron acceptor, which is oxygen. In aerobic respiration, the cells harvest energy from glucose molecules in a sequence of four major pathways: glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. To harvest energy, the cells carry out a complex series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions that occur in four stages. The first stage captures energy by substrate-level phosphorylation through glycolysis; the next three stages carry out aerobic respiration by oxidating the end product of glycolysis. The difference between aerobic respiration and photosynthesis is that aerobic respiration requires oxygen as an electro...

Why RBOCs Believe They Need Regulatory Relief to Offer High essays

Why RBOCs Believe They Need Regulatory Relief to Offer High essays The RBOCs have been screaming for relief of what they believed to be harsh restrictions performed by the FCC ever since the AT The Tauzin-Dingell Bill essentially tries to put an end to such restrictions particularly on inter-LATA data offerings. The Bill, which was backed up by the baby Bells, argues that section 706 of the TA96 calls for deployment of advanced telecom services and the current FCC rules are definitely slowing it down. FCC prescribed requirements on unbundling network elements include line sharing and collocation of CLECs equipments in the ILECs central offices, which the ILEC say is deterring them from deploying high-speed Internet access nationwide. [ISP News, 2001] The RBOCs claim that they are pushing for the bill because TA96 failed to predict that cable companies would monopolize the high-speed internet market and that the RBOCs are no match for these companies now with their (ILECs) existing copper wire. As in June 2001, cable modem service had 5.2 million subscribers, compare with 2.7 million DSL subscribers to the ILECs [Dallas News1, 2002]. Furthermore, with FCC regulated wholesale rates on services they are selling to CLECs, the RBOCs cannot justify the investment needed to upgrade their phone lines to accommodate for high-speed broadband services and someday, even faster data services. The Tauzin-Dingell bill allows the Bells to charge competitor market price for access to their lines with little FCC supervision. [Dallas...

MAZMAT responses to Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Agents and Essay

MAZMAT responses to Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Agents and Incidents - Essay Example According to a compilation of information by Gurr and Cole (2005), there have been various incidents (threatened and actual) of nuclear, biological, and chemical incidents (NBC) that have been reported and documented in the years since NBC weapons have been invented. They cite that in 1999, the Jane’s Intelligence Bureau was able to establish that elements having loyalties to Osama bin Laden were able to acquire biological weapons through mail. There was no clear indication of what kind of weapon was actually acquired, but sources speculated that these biological elements included a supply of diseases such as ebola, anthrax, and salmonella. Interested terrorist groups were able to avail of some of these weapons which included a freight of botulinium toxin. Gurr and Cole (2005) also discuss that in 1998, about 200 people from the Joan Finney Office building in Wichita, Kansas, USA were evacuated when a state employee discovered a package containing white powder and the note enc losed claimed that the substance was anthrax. The substance was sent by the Brothers for the Freedom of Americans, a neo-Nazi militia group. The package was later found to be non-toxic (Gurr and Cole, 2005). In 1995, Larry Harris was able to acquire freeze dried bubonic plague bacteria from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) in Maryland. His plan to acquire the bacteria was foiled when he telephoned the ATCC to check where the package was. The ATCC became suspicious and called the Centers for Disease Control, who later recovered three vials of the bacteria in his glove compartment (Gurr and Cole, 2005). In 1992, Henry Pierce sprayed 10 people with what he claimed was anthraz. On investigation, the police later found the material not to be anthrax. In 1981, a group of environmentalists left contaminated soil in a bucket. The soil later tested positive for anthrax. No one was harmed by the incident as the

Deng Xiaoping's foreign policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Deng Xiaoping's foreign policy - Essay Example Though Korea and Japan are trade partners for US in Asia, the policies of US regarding China even dominated election manifesto of that Country. When discussing about the foreign policy of Deng Xiao Ping, it is reasonable to mention about US. The underlying reason is that in post cold war period, US emerged as a single super power and any country's foreign policy was compelled to keep US in consideration if it wants to be a major partner in world trade. Deng's policy was matter of discussion because China developed links with US despite confrontation in past and present (Taiwan). The significant feature in the Deng's foreign policy is recognising the US as a sole super power in post cold war period. The growth of China compelled US to treat human rights and economic benefits separately. Development of Sino US relations: From the date of sworn in of George Bush in 1989 till the end of two term presidency of Bill Clinton Sino American relations took a dramatic changes. Bush even visited China before visiting Europe to state the new priorities and China reciprocated in the same way US responses.1 The communication gap between China and Soviet Union, the down ward trend of Soviet Union's economy, George Bush's diplomacy in meeting China's leadership before Gorbachev met them made this foreign policy a successful thing for PRC (people's Republic of China). In the aftermath of Tiananmen Square incident China's top leadership recognised that US have its own compulsions regarding the moral and human values. From that point of time both the countries started responding cautiously to each other's acts and deeds. The opening of China's market and the opportunities to establish industries there by US companies made Bill Clinton to treat human rights and economic issues separat ely to avoid sanctions on China. After 1994 gesture of Clinton there was even military confrontation between US and China regarding Taiwan Strait. But within one year China recognised the compulsions of US regarding Taiwan and summits were held between the two countries in 1997 and 1998, which resulted a strategic partnership between the two countries. After that though a failure, US supported to include China in WTO. A saying was developed in diplomatic circles in between 1989-2000. It was "the American elections start with criticising China and the elected president term ends with developing relations with China". This gives the intentions of the leaders of both the countries to develop relations in spite of opposition in the home country. The reason is that the populations of the two countries interacted very less till then. The interaction is possible when the relations develop. So instead of stepping into precipice, the leaders of both the countries tried to refrain themselves from criticising each other in the case of domestic and international developments. Though the per capita income of China is less than number of western countries, the vastness of its economy and number of customers in its 1.2 billion population made West and US to develop strategic relations with China. So if Deng's foreign policy was termed as a success, the credit goes to the economic development of China. Though there are disparities in distribution of wealth in China, the size of the economy compels any

Environment and Space Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environment and Space - Assignment Example It is free from column ensuring maximum visibility from inside where the glass facades provide an attractive recreation environment. However, the building has an impressive multi-purpose banqueting hall that can hold approximately 2000 people in comfort. In addition, it has a landmark high office tower, a five star hotel, a retail mall, car parking, and residential accommodations (Stevenson, 1997). The Alfaselaya building is designed and supervised by a joint venture between Buro Happold and Foster and partners. The Buro Happold has a wide number of services such as design for construction and fit out, inspirational design, integrated design, intelligent reuse of sites and buildings, efficient and green design, and operational effectiveness of buildings. On the other hand, the foster and partners is one of the integrated design and innovative architecture practices in the globe. The practice has opened up a sustainable architectural approach over the past 4 decades. This is evident from it work that range from urban masterplans, airport, public infrastructure, offices and workplaces, civil and cultural buildings to product design an private houses (Stevenson, 1997). The Buro Happold and Foster and partners ventures came up with a thorough plan in designing of the Alfaselaya complex to ensure error free fit out and construction. There are a number of design directions provided by the two ventures. The first one was providing quality architectural design to ensure that the quality of Alfaselaya’s surrounding had a quality influence on peoples’ lives. The second one was environmental engineering design. The environmental engineers formed an integral part in ensuring electrical, mechanical and fire protection of the building (Stevenson, 1997). The third one was ensuring proper structural engineering. They came up with seismic and dynamic design to form a geometrical and conventional structure. The next one was coming up with a design that ensured

Account for the changing attitude of Federral Government to the issue Essay

Account for the changing attitude of Federral Government to the issue of African-American Civil Rights in the period 1863-1965 - Essay Example Likewise, 1965 holds value because it is the year after the Civil Rights act was passed and the year the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed. The Emancipation Proclamation and the Voters Rights Act are separated by virtually 100 years, during which time the Civil Rights Movement and the United States Federal government shared a very tumultuous relationship.In the 1850's and 60's Sojourner Truth played a pivotal part in bringing together diverging groups within the Civil Rights movement, but it would be her historical sit down with President Abraham Lincoln that would signify the start of a collaborative relationship between the movement and the United States Federal government.At a women's rights convention in Akron, Ohio after women had chanted in opposition of Truth speaking, despite their disapproval she stood up and said, "I could work as much and eat as much as a man ... and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman I have borne thirteen children, and seen 'em most all sold of f to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman (Joseph, 1990)" Here Truth's words came to define the role of the black woman in the feminist movement and exemplify the extreme direction of the cause. She identified the place of the woman in American society as equal to a man's. Later on in an Equal Rights Convention in New York, she would go on to say, "There is a great stir about colored men getting their rights, but not a word about the colored women; and if colored men get their rights, and not colored women theirs, you see the colored men will be masters over the women, and it will be just as bad as it was before. So I am for keeping the thing going while things are stirring; because if we wait till it is still, it will take a great while to get it going again (Lewis, 1999)." This attitude she had was a response to the political climate surrounding the Civil Rights activism during her era. It was divided between two groups , black men and white women, leaving no space for the plight of the black woman to protest for her rights. She was essentially a radical feminist because she was a key activist in both the Feminist and the Abolitionist movements, but she denounced the need for male contribution in the drive towards equal rights with statements like, "Where did your Christ come from From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with Him (Lewis, 1999)" "If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it, the men better let them (Lewis, 1999)." Likewise, her book The Narrative of Sojourner Truth, published in 1850 chronicled her life and became used as a powerful doctrine to persuade readers to support abolishing slavery for both male and female blacks, making a prominent figure in both movements. The money she received from the book also provided Truth with the money needed to buy a house in Florence Massachusetts, which was unheard of for a former sla ve. The success of the novel also established her as a respected public speaker known for her insight and wit. This insight she became known for also led her to be the first activist to connect the rights of slaves and blacks with the woman's movement. This was a connection that was met with much resistance by traditional moderate Feminists. Politics It was the Inauguration of President Abraham Lincoln on March 4th, 1961 that would mark the beginning of the United States Federal government's involvement with the Civil Rights

Recruitment and Staffing Proposal Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Recruitment and Staffing Proposal - Coursework Example I will also suggest three detailed selection approaches that the company may consider when performing a cost-benefit analysis for each process. My final duty will be to recommend to you the best method that suits the business and solves its human resource challenges. Highly qualified staff is fundamental to ensure high performance of any organization (Joseph, n.d). However, finding the best employees depends on the methods of recruitment adopted by the firm. The problem of staffing proves even more challenging in this era than what it was in the past because of the shifting dynamism in employment patterns. Challenges also emanate in relation to matching organizational performance with the demand levels of the institutions (Joseph, n.d). Most of the problems of dynamism in employment result from high levels of competition in the job market. There is, therefore, a requirement that businesses consider adopting the best recruitment approaches, which will ensure the best employees in management positions. There are varied methods used when recruiting employees, which depend mostly on organizational needs. One such method is gamification, which involves posting of virtual problems and inviting potential candidates to solve (DeMarco, 2014). The method borrows from graphical computer games, which may serve as both an advertisement and staffing plan. The method’s success may result from the fact that it targets a particular job skill. The cost-benefit analysis for this rationale gives the company a challenge of designing skill-specific games for use in recruitment. Using the same approach may select the best candidates for the required skills and at the same time, introduce as particular product or service of the firm as an advert. Another approach is the Go Undercover Technique, which gives the selected candidates time long enough to prove their worth (DeMarco, 2014). Such a method is a matter of chance,

Why people on goverment assistance should be drug tested to recieve Essay

Why people on goverment assistance should be drug tested to recieve assistance - Essay Example Pollack shows that in the states of Mississippi and Illinois, families receive varying benefits meant for poor families, especially single mothers. For example, in Illinois, the monthly based amount for the temporary assistances to needy families stands at 432 dollars compared to 170 dollars in Mississippi. The varying amounts received by poor families is seen a problem, additionally, there has been an increasing number of families requesting for benefits. Despite the rising problems of tackling increasing poor families, a number of states have introduced the idea of drug testing. This is an act whereby a member of the family requesting for benefits is put into test to ascertain if he or she is under drug influence. Pollack argues that the screening done by the government on families to receive benefits meant for poor does not address anything. According to the author, some states have achieved less or nothing despite their efforts to bring forth this matter of drug testing. The drug testing done on states like Michigan has failed or achieved less for the last 13 years according to the author. Additionally, legislators in Michigan are hoping that the act of drug testing for benefits is best and will be beneficial since it has been done in 29 other states. With the 29 states, 8 states have benefited from drug testing. According to Spencer, drug testing is currently undergoing in 28 states. The legislators in those states explain that drug testing must be done in order to lock out individuals requesting for benefits yet they are on drugs. In Oklahoma, the Republican Governor Mary Fallin explains that drug testing is done so as not to humiliate taxpayers. Parts of the taxes paid by the Oklahoma citizens are used to help the poor in terms of Temporary Assistances to Needy Families. The Governor explains that in order to avoid funding or subsidizing drug abuse by some of the individuals requesting for assistances from the government, drug testing must be done. This shows that legislators are supporting drug tests on those asking for government assistances based on the idea of drug abuse by those who benefit from the package. The governor of Oklahoma says that tests will be done and those who pass the drug testing are provided with the benefits while those who fail or refuse the test will be barred from getting the benefits until they reform. The process of drug test is also happening in Tennessee with the main focus being drug abuse by the individuals requesting for government assistance. Spencer also explains that drugs have brought problems to the society especially poor people. In addition, drug abuse is also problematic to the working class. There have been also increasing number of people requesting for help from the government to support themselves since the 2008 financial crisis. The fact is that there has been a rise in the number of the unemployed, cost of goods, housing and health care insurance. The government has to address all tho se cases with the help of funding. The idea of drug testing arises because high numbers of poor people in the society are drug users. Drug abuse can only be broken on those requesting for benefits if they are sure that they are to undergo the testing before they receive the benefits. Additionally, the government is fighting to address all the cases mentioned above and others like unemployment benefits. Millions of dollars have to be used in addressing those issues inclusive of drug abuse. In order to reduce these cases, drug testing is important as it is one way of reducing drug abuse. Additionally, taxes from tax payers will be channeled elsewhere like unemployment benefits and welfare benefits. Furthermore, Carpenter (1), explains that tighter budgets and high demands by the people from the

Account for the changing attitude of Federral Government to the issue Essay

Account for the changing attitude of Federral Government to the issue of African-American Civil Rights in the period 1863-1965 - Essay Example Likewise, 1965 holds value because it is the year after the Civil Rights act was passed and the year the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed. The Emancipation Proclamation and the Voters Rights Act are separated by virtually 100 years, during which time the Civil Rights Movement and the United States Federal government shared a very tumultuous relationship.In the 1850's and 60's Sojourner Truth played a pivotal part in bringing together diverging groups within the Civil Rights movement, but it would be her historical sit down with President Abraham Lincoln that would signify the start of a collaborative relationship between the movement and the United States Federal government.At a women's rights convention in Akron, Ohio after women had chanted in opposition of Truth speaking, despite their disapproval she stood up and said, "I could work as much and eat as much as a man ... and bear the lash as well! And ain't I a woman I have borne thirteen children, and seen 'em most all sold of f to slavery, and when I cried out with my mother's grief, none but Jesus heard me! And ain't I a woman (Joseph, 1990)" Here Truth's words came to define the role of the black woman in the feminist movement and exemplify the extreme direction of the cause. She identified the place of the woman in American society as equal to a man's. Later on in an Equal Rights Convention in New York, she would go on to say, "There is a great stir about colored men getting their rights, but not a word about the colored women; and if colored men get their rights, and not colored women theirs, you see the colored men will be masters over the women, and it will be just as bad as it was before. So I am for keeping the thing going while things are stirring; because if we wait till it is still, it will take a great while to get it going again (Lewis, 1999)." This attitude she had was a response to the political climate surrounding the Civil Rights activism during her era. It was divided between two groups , black men and white women, leaving no space for the plight of the black woman to protest for her rights. She was essentially a radical feminist because she was a key activist in both the Feminist and the Abolitionist movements, but she denounced the need for male contribution in the drive towards equal rights with statements like, "Where did your Christ come from From God and a woman! Man had nothing to do with Him (Lewis, 1999)" "If the first woman God ever made was strong enough to turn the world upside down all alone, these women together ought to be able to turn it back, and get it right side up again! And now they is asking to do it, the men better let them (Lewis, 1999)." Likewise, her book The Narrative of Sojourner Truth, published in 1850 chronicled her life and became used as a powerful doctrine to persuade readers to support abolishing slavery for both male and female blacks, making a prominent figure in both movements. The money she received from the book also provided Truth with the money needed to buy a house in Florence Massachusetts, which was unheard of for a former sla ve. The success of the novel also established her as a respected public speaker known for her insight and wit. This insight she became known for also led her to be the first activist to connect the rights of slaves and blacks with the woman's movement. This was a connection that was met with much resistance by traditional moderate Feminists. Politics It was the Inauguration of President Abraham Lincoln on March 4th, 1961 that would mark the beginning of the United States Federal government's involvement with the Civil Rights

Why people on goverment assistance should be drug tested to recieve Essay

Why people on goverment assistance should be drug tested to recieve assistance - Essay Example Pollack shows that in the states of Mississippi and Illinois, families receive varying benefits meant for poor families, especially single mothers. For example, in Illinois, the monthly based amount for the temporary assistances to needy families stands at 432 dollars compared to 170 dollars in Mississippi. The varying amounts received by poor families is seen a problem, additionally, there has been an increasing number of families requesting for benefits. Despite the rising problems of tackling increasing poor families, a number of states have introduced the idea of drug testing. This is an act whereby a member of the family requesting for benefits is put into test to ascertain if he or she is under drug influence. Pollack argues that the screening done by the government on families to receive benefits meant for poor does not address anything. According to the author, some states have achieved less or nothing despite their efforts to bring forth this matter of drug testing. The drug testing done on states like Michigan has failed or achieved less for the last 13 years according to the author. Additionally, legislators in Michigan are hoping that the act of drug testing for benefits is best and will be beneficial since it has been done in 29 other states. With the 29 states, 8 states have benefited from drug testing. According to Spencer, drug testing is currently undergoing in 28 states. The legislators in those states explain that drug testing must be done in order to lock out individuals requesting for benefits yet they are on drugs. In Oklahoma, the Republican Governor Mary Fallin explains that drug testing is done so as not to humiliate taxpayers. Parts of the taxes paid by the Oklahoma citizens are used to help the poor in terms of Temporary Assistances to Needy Families. The Governor explains that in order to avoid funding or subsidizing drug abuse by some of the individuals requesting for assistances from the government, drug testing must be done. This shows that legislators are supporting drug tests on those asking for government assistances based on the idea of drug abuse by those who benefit from the package. The governor of Oklahoma says that tests will be done and those who pass the drug testing are provided with the benefits while those who fail or refuse the test will be barred from getting the benefits until they reform. The process of drug test is also happening in Tennessee with the main focus being drug abuse by the individuals requesting for government assistance. Spencer also explains that drugs have brought problems to the society especially poor people. In addition, drug abuse is also problematic to the working class. There have been also increasing number of people requesting for help from the government to support themselves since the 2008 financial crisis. The fact is that there has been a rise in the number of the unemployed, cost of goods, housing and health care insurance. The government has to address all tho se cases with the help of funding. The idea of drug testing arises because high numbers of poor people in the society are drug users. Drug abuse can only be broken on those requesting for benefits if they are sure that they are to undergo the testing before they receive the benefits. Additionally, the government is fighting to address all the cases mentioned above and others like unemployment benefits. Millions of dollars have to be used in addressing those issues inclusive of drug abuse. In order to reduce these cases, drug testing is important as it is one way of reducing drug abuse. Additionally, taxes from tax payers will be channeled elsewhere like unemployment benefits and welfare benefits. Furthermore, Carpenter (1), explains that tighter budgets and high demands by the people from the

Computers Are an Important Part of Most People’s Everyday Lives Essay Example for Free

Computers Are an Important Part of Most People’s Everyday Lives Essay Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Nowadays, computers are an important part of most people’s everyday lives. This change has improved the way people live. By advances in the technology, especially invention of computers, human beings can do their works much easier than the past. They have improved the way of our lives (life) dramatically. The number of advantages that computers can bring us is very much so that its disadvantages can be ignored (Advantages of using computers are so much that disadvantages could be ignored). Cases such as save (saving) time or facilitate (facilitating) job and affairs and improve(ing) our communications are my reasons which will be illustrated in details as following. To begin with, by using of computers we can save the time (more time). In todays’ community, it is told that time is money. With the huge advancements in technology, people’s life has more (become) complicated as it seems. Each of us hasn’t enough time to do all works on time (No one has enough time to do everything on time). The advent of computers in our lives(life), we can save time and do a big part of works more efficiently. For example, instead of going to shop and buying cloths, I (you) can buy it from my home by going to its website and even I (you) have this chance to see which cloth is the top-selling. (or) As an another example, I(you) can choose my (you) favorite five-star restaurant or hotel a couple of weeks before my(your) trip to a certain place. hat shows that I can better manage my affairs(It shows that people can better manage their life and schedule everything). The last example is that I even can control my home or personal room by using of my workplace’s computer (The last example is that home or personal room can be controlled or and monitored by using of a computer in workplace). These examples show computers have revolutionized our lifestyle. The last but not the least, computers improved our social behaviors. For the very first time in the history, Social networks and websites have given this opportunity to people to find friends and know people they never met before. Nowadays, there are a few internet-organizations by which we can find our future wife. It shows that computers even affect our lives (life) emotionally. To take these into consideration, I can confidently draw the conclusion that there are a lot of advantages which computers donate us such as finding new friends or saving the valuable time so that its drawbacks can be ignored.

Soap industry in India

Soap industry in India The product that I have been given by the faculty is beauty soap. I have named it as Shine. Executive Summary The soap industry in India is at the high growth rate and many new entrants are planning to launch their product in this category. The overall soap industry is worth at 60000 crores. Shine is a multinational company. It is a new entrant in the market and targets at unisex genders. I segmented Shines market according to geographical locations. It further differentiates these segments into Socio Economic Cluster (SEC) which takes into account the criteria of education and profession which ultimately measures the financial ability of consumers. The cluster is divided into five parts starting from A to E. Shine targets the urban and sub urban upper middle class and middle class segment of the population, who falls under A to C of SEC. Tactical marketing tools, 4P‘s, are extensively used by the company to market Shine. Though Shine is produced in India, Unilever India maintains the same standard all around the globe. The product is available in six different fragrances under three different sizes. Since the demand for beauty soap market is to a great extent oligopolistic, variations in price lead to price war which can eventually break down the company‘s market share. Thus Unilever cannot provide a better price than its competitors. But the price is affordable by most of the people. Shine will outsource its distribution channel to third party distributors which allow them to distribute Shine in massive bulks amounting to around ten million pieces. It undertakes the largest promotional activities in the beauty soap industry. The beauty soap industry has a few major producers of which Unilever holds market share of slightly less than 50%. Other competing brands like Tibbet, Aromatic and Keya have started to have a strong consumer base, but Shines product features distribution and promotional activities will create high brand loyalty for which it will be the market leader soon after developing its IMC plan. Shine, with the aid of its heavy promotional activities, has been able to penetrate the market. But the other producers in the industry are posing a threat towards Shine‘s market share as they have moved towards the rural masses of the population. Therefore, I have undertaken many further steps such as moving towards the rural and/or poorer segment; attract children (by making a special product for kids) and other innovative promotional activities to retain its command in the industry. Industry analysis The toilet soaps market is estimated at 530,000 tpa including small imports. The market is littered over with several, leading national and global brands and a large number of small brands, which have limited markets. The popular and premium brands include Lifebuoy, Lux, Cinthol, Liril, Rexona, and Nirma. Toilet soaps, despite their divergent brands, are not well differentiated by the consumers. It is, therefore, not clear if it is the brand loyalty or experimentation lured by high volume media campaign, which sustain them. A consequence is that the market is fragmented. It is obvious that this must lead to a highly competitive market. Toilet soap, once only an urban phenomenon, has now penetrated practically all areas including remote rural areas. The incremental demand flows from population increase and rise in usage norm impacted as it is by a greater concern for hygiene. Increased sales revenues would also expand from up gradation of quality or per unit value. As the market is constituted now, it can be divided into four price segments: premium, popular, discount and economy soaps. Premium soaps are estimated to have a market volume of about 80,000 tonnes. This translates into a share of about 14 to 15%. Soaps form the largest pie of the FMCG Market with bathing toilet soaps accounting for around 30% of the soap market, by value. Currently, the soap industry is divided into three segments namely Premium, Popular and Economy/ Sub popular. To fight competition, major players Hindustan Unilever Ltd (HUL), Godrej Consumer Products Ltd (GCPL) and Wipro Consumer Care Lighting are now drawing up fresh game plans. And the accent is clearly on innovation to gain mind share as well as market share in this overcrowded category. Major Players Hindustan Unilever Ltd. With over seven brands — LUX, LIFEBUOY, HAMAM, REXONA, BREEZE, DOVE and PEARS — has 54.3% share of the overall soap market. HUL is Indias largest Fast Moving Consumer Goods Company; its journey began 75 years ago, in 1933, when the company was first incorporated. The company stirring the lives of two out of three Indians with over 20 distinct categories in Home Personal Care Products and Foods Beverages and also one of the countrys largest exporters. HULs brands includes Lifebuoy, Lux, Surf Excel, Rin, Wheel, Fair Lovely, Ponds, Sunsilk, Clinic, Pepsodent, Close-up, Lakme, Brooke Bond, Kissan, Knorr-Annapurna, Kwality Walls are household names across the country. They are manufactured in over 40 factories across India. In the Rs7,000 crore by sales soap market, HUL‘s market share has dropped to 54.3% in March 2008 from 55.9% in March 2006. Godrej Consumer Products GCPL, India‘s second largest soap maker after Hindustan Unilever Ltd, has nearly 9.2% market share. With 11% market share in value terms, it is the second largest soap maker after Hindustan Unilever. Godrej Consumer Products (GCPL) is a major player in the Indian FMCG market with leadership in personal, hair, household and fabric care segments. The company is one among the largest marketer of toilet soaps in the country with leading brands such as CINTHOL, FAIRGLOW, NIKHAR, ALLCARE. Fairglow brand, Indias first Fairness soap, has created marketing history as one of the most successful innovations. It is also the preferred supplier for contract manufacturing of toilet soaps, some of which are the most well-known brands in the country. Wipro In the Indian market, Wipro is a leader in providing IT solutions and services for the corporate segment in India. Wipro also has a profitable presence in niche market segments of infrastructure engineering, and consumer products lighting.Wipro has made a large acquisition in the Consumer Care business. The presence of Wipro in the toilet soap industry can be seen through their brands such as SANTOOR and CHANDRIKA. With industry leading organic growth rates and the acquisition, Consumer care business has reached a Revenue run rate in excess of $100 million per quarter. Procter Gamble India Procter Gamble India (PGHHCL) was incorporated in 1964 after Procter Gamble, US, acquired Richardson Vicks, US. Formerly known as Richardson Hindustan (the Indian Subsidiary), it was later named as PG. It changed its name again in 1998 to Procter Gamble Hygiene and Health Care in order to reflect the nature and character of the business of the company. During 2004-05 the company has increased its installed capacity of Soaps Detergents and Toilet Preparations etc by 36500 Tonnes and 263 Tonnes respectively. With this expansion the total installed capacity of Soaps Detergents and Toilet Preparations etc has increased to 108500 Tonnes and 5875 Tonnes respectively. Nirma Incorporated as a private limited company, Nirma was converted into a deemed public company and then to a public limited one in Nov.93. Nirma has a leadership presence in Detergents, Soaps and Personal Care Products. To have a greater control on the quality and price of its raw materials, Nirma undertook backward integration into manufacture of Industrial Products like Soda Ash, Linear Alkyl Benzene (LAB), Alfa Olefin Sulphonates (AOS), Fatty Acid, Glycerine and Sulphuric Acid. During 1996-97, Nilnita Chemicals, Nirma Detergents, Nirma Soaps and Detergents, and Shiva Soaps and Detergents were amalgamated with the company. The company created Nirma Consumer Care Ltd. a wholly owned subsidiary on 22nd Aug.97, which is the sole licensee of the brand name Nirma within India. Nirma enjoys a share of 6.74% in soaps. ITC ITC, the country‘s largest cigarette maker, entered the segment last year and has made a strong headway in a short time. According to AC Nielsen, its share has grown to 1.75% in just five months despite the fact that many of its brands such as Superia, Fiama Di Wills and Vivel are currently sold in only six states. Competitor analysis Santoor: Santoor is the flagship brand in the Wipro Consumer Care Lighting stable and the 2nd largest brand of soap in India in the popular segment of the category. The brand enjoys two decades of trust since its launch in 1986 and has grown to be counted amongst the top brands in the Country in an intensively competitive market. Millions of women across the country have discovered the secret of younger looking skin with Santoor. It is a truly unique soap that combines the goodness of natural ingredients Sandal, Turmeric and natural Skin Softeners. Sandal provides a cooling and soothing effect that softens skin, while turmeric controls formation of skin darkening pigments like melanin, to give skin a radiant glow. Natural Skin Softeners make skin soft and supple. The end result, skin that is so healthy and beautiful, it lies about your actual age. Amongst the first brands in the Country to launch an offering with the twin ingredient benefits of Sandal and Turmeric, Santoor has over the years moved from a purely natural ingredient based appeal, to one of the most preferred beauty soaps of the day. Today, Santoor is one of the fastest growing soap brands in India. Santoor is available in three variants Santoor (Sandal Turmeric), Santoor White (Sandal Almond milk) and Santoor Chandan which is a premium soap manufactured with extracts of Sandalwood oil a favourite of discerning consumers. Cinthol Cinthol the popular and much-loved brand of Godrej Consumer Products Limited (GCPL) have been a favourite of people for many years. All different soaps in its range are having feel-fresh fragrance and high TFM index. Cinthol‘s range covers an economic Lime-fresh, the medium deo-soaps (spice, lime,cologne and the new ‘sport‘) and a slightly expensive ―Cinthol-Original. For decades, Cinthol-Original is one of the best soaps made in India. It had a simple red-cover which attracts none! But was still able to sustain itself in the market . Godrej has now launched the improved Cinthol range. Cinthol now offers a deo-range of soaps, talc and deo-sprays in three exciting fragrances Classic, Cologne and Sport in a trendy new packaging. It also offers Cinthol fresh soap and Cinthol Regular soap with new exciting packaging. The eye-catching and vibrant packaging symbolizes a sense of adventure, zest and action. The new Cinthol range brings 24-Hour Confidence through Ac tive Deo Formula, which controls body odour, Powerful DryShield that absorbs sweat, UltraScent Technology for long lasting fragrance and Freshness that revitalises you 247.The new range will be available across the country at modern retail and other outlets and will be supported by high-impact advertising on television, print, out-door, on-line and radio. Vivel and Superia The Vivel Di Wills range is available in two variants. Its unique carton pack has been developed by ITCs design team to provide a novel consumer experience. Vivel Di Wills Sheer Radiance is enriched with Olive Oil, to provide skin lustre to make it radiant. Vivel Di Wills Sheer Crà ¨me is enriched with Shea Butter, to moisturize skin to make it soft and supple. The Vivel range of soaps is available in four variants:- 1) Vivel Young Glow is enriched with Vitamin E and Fruit Infusions which help in providing youthful glow to the skin. 2) Satin Soft is enriched with Vitamin E and Aloe Vera which help the skin feel Vivel beautifully soft. 3) Vivel Sandal Sparkle is enriched with Sandalwood Oil and Active Clay which helps in providing clear skin. IMC PLANNING Mission Shines mission is to add Vitality to life. They meet everyday needs for nutrition; hygiene and personal care with brands that help people feel good, look good and get more out of life. Their deep roots in local cultures and markets around the world give them strong relationship with consumers and are the foundation for their future growth. A key requirement is building in the quality expectations of their consumers into their products. PRODUCT PROFILE Shine soap is introduced as bathroom soap. Shine in step with the changing trends and evolving beauty needs of the consumers, offers an exciting range of soaps and Body Washes with unique elements to make bathing time more pleasurable. One can choose from a range of skincare benefits like firming, fairness and moisturising. Shine stands for the promise of beauty and glamour as one of Indias most trusted personal care brands. Shine offers a range of soaps in different colours and world class fragrances. Shine is a beauty soap of film stars. Shine recognized the need for a compelling message about beauty that would resonate with women of today. Product Category, Market Segmentation, Target Marketing and Positioning This section describes the category of the selected product. The chapter is organized into four sections. Section 1 states under which category the product falls. Section 2 describes how Shine differentiates the population and categorizes them into different segments. Section 3 analyzes which segment the company targets and why they target that specific segment. Finally section 4 describes the process through which the company tries to capture a place in the buyers mind i.e. the product positioning method. Product Category Shine falls under the category of toiletry product as a beauty soap. Market Segmentation Shine segments their market according to geographical areas. The population of the country is segmented into three parts which are urban, sub urban and rural area consumers. Though Shine is the highest selling beauty soap in Bangladesh, it does not go for traditional mass marketing. Moreover as a beauty soap LUX does not even segment its market according to gender. Target Market Shine is not a highly expensive but an affordable product. That is why the company targets urban and sub urban upper middle and middle class people who are the second highest population of segment of the country. From the segmentation of customer according to SEC they target category A, B and C, because they are assumed to be financially well-off and can afford to buy Shine. Product Positioning Shine obtained a good position in the buyers‘mind through better product attributes, price and quality, offering the product in a different way than the competitors do. The company offers improved quality of products in the industry at an affordable price with high branding, which ultimately helps to position the product in the buyers‘mind as the best quality beauty soap. The market share of the company in the beauty soap industry is somewhere around 43%.Since in the beauty soap industry all products are of same price Unilever cannot provide its consumers with better price but it is in a great position in reference with its packaging, fragrances and product designing. Tactical Marketing Tools This chapter describes the Way Company will use the tactical marketing tools for marketing Shine in India. The chapter comprises of four sections. This section includes a table that shows the location of the company‘s warehouses all around the country. Finally a section discusses the promotional activities that the company undertakes for Shine. Product: Shine is an internationally renowned beauty soap brand. Though manufactured in India for the local market by Unilever India ltd, as an international brand, it maintains an international quality for the product. Formula given by Research and Development departments in foreign countries, Shine is produced in India from imported raw materials like sodium soap, glycerol and different extracts according to flavours, coming from Unilever plants situated abroad. Shine is offered in India in six different flavours which are: Shine Energizing Honey, Shine Golden Glow, Shine Nature Pure, Shine Orchid Touch, Shine Almond Delight and Shine Aqua Sparkle. Taking into account the convenience of its customers, the company manufactures all variants of Shine in three different sizes, 40gm, 80gm and 120gm. Price: Though Shine gives its customers a lot in terms of the product itself, it cannot provide a better pricing. This is due to some constraints in the beauty soap industry. Beauty soap is a product with a vulnerable demand in India. A change in price has a high risk of creating price war among the rivals which will eventually cause a loss of profit. Its prices are almost equal to its competitor. Shine price with its major competitor. Company carries out research on competitors‘price and brand loyalty when it feels extreme necessity of changing price. The brand loyalty test is an exploratory research which is known as Brand Health Check- Up (BHCU). Place: Shine has a huge distribution channel all over the country as its sales reach more than 10 million pieces a year. The company has six huge warehouses, one in each division of India, where the product goes after they are manufactured at Uttaranchal factory. The company will not use its own fleet of transport for distributing its product. However, it will outsource its distribution process to various third party distributors. These distributors will then supply the product all over India to a huge number of retailers. Even though Shine targets the urban and sub urban middle and upper middle class people they are distributing their products all over India because of a recent increase in demand of its product to all segments of the population. Promotion: Shine will undertake a huge promotional activity to promote itself. I will spend almost 20% to 25% of its Net Proceeds from Sales (NPC) of Shine for promotional activities. It will include certain annual promotional campaigns like Shine Channel i Superstar and Shine Channel i Annual Cinema Awards, which will made the product a part of the glamour world. Since our Indian audiences are emotionally attached to its root culture and gets easily attached or relate themselves to celebrities, so I will promote Shine by endorsing famous bollywood celebrities like Hema Malini, Priyanka Chopra, Kareena Kapoor, Aishwarya Rai Bachan etc. I will not promote Shine in India for the beauty conscious females only, but it will also be promoted as the brand for males by including world famous male celebrity Shahrukh Khan for the advertising campaign. Shine will spend a huge amount of money for promotion through TV commercials, newspaper advertisements and billboards. Moreover I will also undertake small promotional campaigns at different colleges, universities and recreational parks with winners of its Zonal Beauty Contests. INTEGRATED MARKETING COMMUNICATION A) Sales Promotion Sales promotion, a key ingredient in marketing campaigns, consists of a collection of incentive tools, mostly short term, designed to stimulate quicker or greater purchase of particular products or services by consumers or the trade. Whereas advertising offers a reason to buy, sales promotion offers an incentive to buy. Prominent Promotional schemes that will be used by Shine 1. Sales Promotion to Consumers: Consumers are extremely complex human beings, motivated by several factors. Hence it is important to understand a consumers motivation given a certain product and product category. Consumer promotions are those that are directed to the consumer. The objective of consumer promotions is to offer the consumer some added benefit to entice him to buy the product. There are several possible tools that I will use to promote Shine: Sampling: As my product is new to the market, so this promotional tool is generally used when one is introducing a product for the first time. In this case, a small quantity of the product will be given as a sample. These samples will be distributed either at the residence of the consumer or even at the retail outlet provided by a condition. Quantity Deals: Here the company will offer more quantity of the same product for the same price or a marginally increased price. For example, most of the FMCG companies bundle 3 or 4 soaps in a pack priced at the cost of 3 soaps. The purpose is to induce the consumer to buy more and more products at less cost. This will benefit both the customers and company. Customers can have 4 soaps at the cost of 3 whereas company can slightly decrease their profit but after selling their products at large quantity their profit will rise (Economies of Sales). In-Product gift: In this case the gift item is attached to the product from outside. E.g.: once Lux presented 30 gm gold each to the first three winners of the Lux Gold Star offer from Delhi. According to the promotional offer that Lux unveiled in October 2000, a consumer finding a 22-carat gold coin in his or her soap bar got an opportunity to win an additional 30 gm gold. The first 10 callers every week got a 30 gm gold each. This offer helped lux to increase its sales rapidly. I will also use this type of tool to promote my product and hence increase the sales of SHINE. 2. Sales promotion to Traders: Trade promotions are those that a company runs to elicit a better and quicker response from the trade. Some of the trade promotional tools that I will be using are: On-Consignment Sales: This tool is normally used by companies that are new entrants and are not known in the marketplace. Here companies encourage traders to stock their products on an â€Å"on-consignment† basis and pay only when the product moves off the shelves. My company will use this tool to encourage the new retailers to sell my product and pay after the product moves off the shelves. Dealer gifts: Personal motivation is very necessary in order to boost the sales because if the retailer is happy that the company cares for him, so the retailer will work hard to sell the product of the company by telling the customers that it is the best product that will benefit them. I will use this tool by giving dealers/retailers gifts on the occasions of EID, Diwali, New Year so that they get more loyal to our product and maintain good relations with them. Point-of-sale Material: Traders will be given attractive point-of-sale material for displaying Shine. We will provide shelf stickers, streamers, attractive stands to hold the soap etc. Online contests: Example: Shine Please enter your name and email to play the game. Play the supercharged version of the hit puzzle game, Bejeweled. Create rows of 3 or more identical stones and you could win a trip for two to a five-star Resort in Goa. B) Advertisements: There are number of sources available for passing the product message. These are as follows: 1) Television 2) Outdoor (Billboards) 3) Magazines 4) Newspapers 5) Internet My company will use various advertising appeal to attract customers. These will include affective emotional, seductive, comparative appeals in the videos, newspapers and on the internet. The advertisements will be endorsed by famous bollywood celebrities like Priyanka chopra, Aishwarya rai, Asin etc. to target the youth and mid age group. However there will be also a male advertisement where Shahrukh khan may endorse the Shine. Advertising Campaign: The advertisements will run in a campaign where a complete program of advertisements will be aired by parts from time to time. The first base of the advertising campaign will be advertising strategy, where a plan will be devised to maintain a viable fit between my organizations objectives and resources and changing market opportunities. Advertising strategy is the ‘message that a company gives to solve a communication-related problem. My companys advertising strategy is to create awareness and brand equity of the shine. The next step is to create a ‘Big idea where an advertiser selects an idea for communicating the strategic message in a creative way. It is a link between strategy and creative execution. It may be also called a central theme. The central theme of my advertising campaign will be how men are magnetically attracted towards women using Shine soap. Once the big idea is finalized, then it follows its creative execution. Creative execution deals with the physica l form of an advertisement- story, script, copy, art, music, overall production. The creative execution of Shines ad will include creative tagline, elements of wit and humour, role of glamorous actress and models using shine soap while bathing and then the media will be asking them what is their beautys secret and like that. Choice of Strategic Approaches: Unique Selling Proposition: A brand may have a true and distinctive competitive advantage called the Unique Selling Proposition (USP). The USP is a distinctive advantage that is both valuable to the brands customers and is unexploited by its competitors. The USP of Shine will be a guaranteed effect of fairness of the skin, and its ingredients that are made of no chemicals. C) Creative Execution on Radio: The most creative advertisement can be made on Radio, if its script is written creatively. The power of radio in country like India is much more than TV. We always notice that during cricket matches, a number of companies promote their products on radio, like sound of the whistle which a person might think of Hawkins Pressure Cooker. It is because Hawkins advertisement on radio has been created well that is why people still remember the sound of Hawkins. Another example is of jingle of titan, which can be easily recalled by a person who have heard it on radio. In the same way, I will promote my product on radio by writing a creative script and then executing it on radio with the help of sounds, voices and jingles. D) Communication through Internet: Internet is the most advanced medium that a company can use effectively to boost its sales and create a distinctive image or brand equity. Many companies have started to give online advertisements. It can be on e-mails ( yahoo, Gmail etc.), networking sites ( orkut, facebook, hi5 etc.) or may be any form possible on the Internet. The message in these types of ads will be same as the company have made to produce an integrated marketing communication. The advertisement of Shine on Internet will take these forms: a) Translucent Float banner advertisements: These types of advertisement are displayed mostly on the opening up of e-mail ids. Like in the above picture, Shine will also use translucent float banner advertisement because this type of advertisement will have a good impact on the audience that they remember the product when they use their e-mails. In this advertisement, a screen would appear before a person prompting him/her to fill a form of feedback or to enrol in an online contest. b) Virals: Like traditional viral marketing, Internet virals also rely on spreading the buzz online. Viral advertising refers to people passing on interesting and entertaining promotional content, generally sponsored by a brand to create awareness, build equity or get publicity. Shine will use the viral advertisement by using advergames ( using video games to advertise a product), flash games, messenger messages ( on yahoo).

An Overview of the Website Buying Process :: Sell Website Buy Web Site

An Overview of the Website Buying Process Buying a website: It's a brand new ball game Unless you've bought or sold a website in the past, you'll find that buying a website can be a confusing and even trying experience for the unprepared. That's why it's important for you to take the time to read this explanation of the process. Even if you're a veteran in website transfers, understanding the process will assist you in working with our firm. Getting Started: Questions and more questions The search for a website almost always starts with a visit to a web site like the one we host at Votan. Sometimes the prospective Buyer is a Corporation, Private Investment Group or a sophisticated Private Investor who has a very definite idea of the type of website wanted. But, often the website Buyer is a first time Buyer and is still in the formative or exploratory phase of the search. Many times a Buyer's first question is, "What kinds of websites do you have?" Well, we have lots of websites, so that's a tough question to answer without some idea of the Buyer's resources, skills and needs. In order for us to find you a match made in heaven, we need to uncover answers by questioning you and learning more about you. So the first and most important step is telling us about you. Be patient when we ask, "How many days per week are you comfortable working?" and "Do you like having employees?" and "How much cash do you have for a down payment?" and many other questions. We're not just asking: We're narrowing your search and saving you time and aggravation. Our web site Buyer registration offers a questionnaire that is a great way to narrow your search and help us help you find the business of your dreams. Defining the search: Non-confidential Summaries After we've talked for a while, we can probably begin narrowing the search to a few appropriate business opportunities. At this point, we communicate non-confidential summaries of our exclusive opportunities to you in a number of ways. Since you're viewing our web site you can see the non-confidential summaries of our exclusive listings by simply using the "Businesses For Sale" button. VR non-confidential summaries show our profile #, a description of the business, a summary of financial performance, the reasons why we think it may be a good opportunity and the asking price.

Attending a Jazz Concert Essay -- Papers Music Description Essays

Attending a Jazz Concert The latest concert that I attended was the NEIU Jazz Ensemble. It was held in the NEIU auditorium. This was my first time attending a Jazz concert. Therefore, I didn’t know what kind of music to expect or any music that I was familiar to. This concert was a new experience for me. It was far different from a rock concert held in some big venue. The purpose of this concert was to give people a taste of the NEIU Jazz Ensemble. The heritage or the background of this concert was strictly Jazz music. I was excited about my attendance at this concert. It would be the first time I was going to a Jazz concert. I knew that I wouldn’t be disappointed or get board there. The music they played was not the kind that makes you dose off. I always loved the sound of a trumpet. My favorite musical group the Dave Matthews Band has a trumpet player, and this is how I started enjoying the sound. Therefore, I knew that this concert must be worth going to. This concert gave me a chance to look more deep into what Jazz music is all about. The music that was performed was Jazz. The entire Ensemble had fifteen people in it. There were only fourteen actual performers. One guy was the director of the whole thing and he was composing. The composer composed with his hands instead of a composing stick. This was an interesting observation for me. The instrument that were used at this concert were the Woodwinds which had five players on it. This was the most players in one category of instruments. The Woodwind players were seated in the first row. Other instruments used were the Piano, Bass, Drums, Trombones and the Trumpets. There was one vocalist. There were two Trombone pla... ...ng at NEIU this year, I didn’t expect too many people to be present. When the word gets out on how good they were, I think that they will have a larger audience for next semester shows. In all, the audience was very well behaved and their presence was very satisfying to the performers. This concert had a good effect on me. My sole reason for going was to get an insight of what Jazz music is really like. When I got there I really liked what I heard. I am going to look more into this type of music. This is the type of music that you just want to sit back and relax and listen. It’s not to slow where you are at the point of falling asleep. Jazz music has got a certain element to it that no other type of music that I have heard thus far have. In all, this concert was a wonderful experience for me. I found a passion for a different brand of music.

Nvq Level 2 Essay

Unit 2 1. Understand what is required for competence in own work role 1.1 Describe the duties and responsibilities of own role. My duties are to assisted whilst promoting independence to elderly people with day to day tasks such as personal hygiene care, toileting, getting dressed a and undressed, serving at meal times with some clients needing to be assisted to feed. 1.2 Identify standards that influence the way the role is carried out. The standards that influence the way my role is carried out are Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, Manuel Handling Operations Regulations 1992 and Codes of Practice. 1.3 Describe ways to ensure personal attitudes or beliefs do not obstruct the quality of work. Ways to ensure personal attitudes or beliefs do not obstruct the quality of work is being aware of own personal attitudes and beliefs, being open and understanding to others attitudes and beliefs and respecting the difference between own and others. Enquire for knowledge and understanding of needs, culture and background of individuals. 2. Be able to reflect on own work activities. 2.1 Explain why reflecting on practice is an important way to develop knowledge, skills and practice. Reflecting on practice is an important way to develop knowledge, skills and practice as helps make sense of and learn from experiences, develop skills and techniques, understanding what works and what doesn’t work, considering what could have been done differently. 2.2 Assess how well own knowledge, skills and understanding meets standards. 2.3 Demonstrate the ability to reflect on work activities. 3.Be able to agree a personal development plan. 3.1 Identify sources of support for own learning and development. Sources of support for own learning and development are my line manager, manager and my assessor. 3.2 Describe the process for agreeing a personal development plan and who should be involved. The process for agreeing a personal development plan is through appraisal with my line manager, back to work interviews with my manager and meetings with my assessor. 3.3 Contribute to drawing up own development plan. I contribute to drawing up own development plan by agreeing to objectives for development, understanding needs for specific , measurable, achievable, realistic and timed targets. 4. Be able to develop own knowledge, skills and understanding 4.1 Show how a learning activity has improved own knowledge, skills and understanding. I have done a dementia in house training and this has improved my knowledge, skills and understanding through this learning activity. It shows me how to deal with people with dementia and how it can affects a person. 4.2 Show how reflecting on a situation has improved own knowledge, skills and understand. I find reflecting on a situation helps to look at the situation from different views, which gives me a better knowledge and understanding. 4.3 Show how feedback from others has developed own knowledge, skills and understanding. My manager has received feedback from residents about my level of care I provide which is discussed in my appraisals, we also discuss i f any further training is required and if I have any problem. 4.4 Show how to record progress in relation to personal development. When I have an appraisal all topics discussed is record including any personal developments.

Engro Foods

Contents About engro foods3 value proposition3 olpers3 olwell milk (a low fat milk by olpers, engro foods)4 olfrute juice4 tarang4 omore5 segmentation5 what is segmentation†¦.. 5 basis for segmentation:5 segmentation for olper’s5 olper,s product range6 segmentation for olper’s:7 positioning for olper’s8 what is positioning†¦.. 8 positioning process:8 competitive advantage12 continuous improvement12 quality control12 pr with farmers13 third-generation plant13 engro’s promotion mix tools13 advertising13 sales promotions15 public relations16 personal selling17 direct marketing18 basic tactics used18 customer relationship management18 customer relationship management in engro foods18 customers touch points19 reducing the customer defection rate22 building loyalty22 references24 about engro food  Ã‚  Engro stands for â€Å"energy for growth†. From inception, ours is a legacy of continuous growth, new challenges and fulfilled promises. From fertilizers to dairy products, business solutions to PVC resin, power generation to commodity trade, at Engro our ambition is to become the premier Pakistani enterprise with a global reach.Engro Foods Limited is subsidiary of Engro Chemical Pvt. Ltd. which is one of the most reputed enterprises in Pakistan with more than 40 years of diversified business operations in the areas of fertilizer and chemicals. Engro Chemicals, formerly known as Exxon, was taken oven by the employees and reamed Engro. Since then, it has diversified into many fields owning and operating subsidiaries like Engro Asahi, Eng ro Vopak, Engro Pak tank, Engro Chemicals and Engro Foods. Engro Foods started its business operations in March 2006 and it hasn’t looked back ever since its inception.Within a very short span of 2 years, it has become the house of four quality dairy milk brands: Olpers Milk, Tarang, Olwell, and Olpers cream. Engro Foods has already set up two processing plants at Sukkur and Sahiwal. VALUE PROPOSITION A  value proposition  is a promise of  value  to be delivered and a belief from the customer of  value  that will be experienced. A value proposition can apply to an entire organization, or parts thereof, or customer accounts, or products or services. Engro Foods Ltd. is delivering value to customers by offering following productsOLPERS [pic] OLWELL MILK (A LOW FAT MILK BY OLPERS, ENGRO FOODS) OLFRUTE JUICE [pic] TARANG [pic] OMORE [pic] SEGMENTATION WHAT IS SEGMENTATION†¦.. â€Å"The process of defining and subdividing a large homogenous market into clearly id entifiable segments having similar needs, wants, or demand characteristics. † BASIS FOR SEGMENTATION: The following are the basis for segmentation: [pic] SEGMENTATION FOR OLPER’S It is difficult for any one company to engage in mass production, mass distribution and mass promotion for its product.The complexities arise from the proliferation of advertising and distribution channels and the high costs associated with reaching a mass audience. Therefore, companies segment the market so that they can target the group of customers who share similar needs and wants. The milk sector shows a market that has homogeneous preferences that is the consumers have similar preferences. They want milk to be white, carefully processed, and good for health and bones. Keeping these things in mind Engro segmented its market.The marketers at Engro have had a number of options available to them when segmenting the market for their products. Engro Olper’s products include: [pic] OLPER, S PRODUCT RANGE SEGMENTATION FOR OLPER’S: Geographic Segmentation: Engro Geographically segmented its market on the basis of: †¢ Region: Engro segmented its market for the â€Å"South East† region. †¢ Country: Engro segmented its market in â€Å"Pakistan† country. †¢ Province: Engro targeted its consumers all over the Pakistan but mostly in the â€Å"Punjab† province. Demographic Segmentation:Engro divided its market on the basis of demographically as: †¢ Age: Engro Olper’s products are for the all age of people like for children youngsters and olders. †¢ Gender: Engro did not segment its market on the gender basis. Every person can use it either male or female because there is no gender discrimination. †¢ Family: Olper’s products serve the family which has 3 to 5 members. †¢ Income: Brand calls for a small percentage of an individual’s income but lower class wouldn’t want to buy the brand may be because they are price sensitive. Psychographic Segmentation:Engro psycho-graphically segmented its market on the basis of: †¢ Social class: The brand is meant for all the users in higher upper or middle class families and it targets a specific social class who are health conscious and concerned about their weight. †¢ Life style: Olper’s have segmented the market more towards achievers who are goal-oriented and want to recognize themselves by others. For example the ads for Olwell mostly show achievers who want to be successful, have high aims and are already doing quite well in their concerned fields. Personality: The Olper’s products have targeted experiencers because the company has given them a new set of brand and so many will make their first purchase because they want to try something new. Olper’s ads also target believers, traditional conservative people with concrete beliefs. The ads for Olper’s show the beliefs of healthy life with processed milk and plays on the emotional aspect more. Behavioral Segmentation: Engro Behaviorally segmented its market on the basis of: †¢ Benefits: Olper’s products have been segmented on the basis of benefits that consumers seek in the milk.In this case, people look for a brand that can be used for all purposes from drinking to tea whiteners as well to feed the animals. †¢ Loyalty: Engro segment its market on the basis of loyality status by finding some hard core loyal persons in the milk sector which are also price sensitive or want variety and on the basis of price they will be switch from other established brands like Haleeb, Nestle etc. POSITIONING FOR OLPER’S WHAT IS POSITIONING†¦.. â€Å"Positioning is defined as the act of designing the company's offering and image to occupy a distinctive place in the target market's mind. POSITIONING PROCESS: The effective positioning process involves: [pic] Defining the competitive frame of reference: Compet itive frame of reference involves: †¢ Identifying the direct competitors of brand. †¢ Position of these competitors in market. †¢ Level of competition. Identifying the direct competitors: Before positioning a brand company must understand who the main competitors are? For example Engro main competitors: †¢ Haleeb †¢ Nestle Position of competitors: Company must analyze and understand the position of their competitors that either their position is strong or weak.For example the both competitors of Engro are strong and have a tremendous market place. Level of competition: Company also identifying the level of competition that at what level it competes with its competitors. The level of competition involves: †¢ At product type level †¢ At product category level †¢ At product class level For example, Engro competes at all levels as: †¢ As at the product type level Olper’s compete with the Nestle milk pack and Haleeb dairy queen. †¢ As at the product category level Olper’s categories like Olper’s Olwell competes with Nestle Nesvita and Haleeb Skimz. As at the product class level it compete with all dairy products as Engro dairy products are compete with all dairy products of Nestle and Haleeb. Establishing the points of difference: Companies establish the points of difference which are the attributes or benefit those consumers strongly associate with a brand, positively evaluate, and believe that they could not find to the same extent in the competitive brand. The point of differences for the Engro dairy products are: Olper’s milk: †¢ Packaging of Olper’s milk in Red color which is quite different from competitors Green and Blue color packaging. Engro used the attribute positioning for Olper’s milk. The main theme of the product is that it is meant for all purposes without any user imagery. Olper’s ads also show attributes of milk such as good for health. †¢ The unique selling proposition for Olper’s is based on tag line: â€Å"Subah Bakhair Zindagi†, but recently the company changed the USP to: â€Å"Jo dil khol kay jeetay hain unheen kay liyay hai Olper’s†. Both the tag lines have a very positive impact on Olper’s image because of the emotions involved in both the lines. Olper’s cream: †¢ Packaging of Olper’s cream in Purple color which is different from competitors. Engro position Olper’s cream for a specific use or application. Because the Olper’s cream used to make the dishes in which cream is necessary like cakes, ice cream. †¢ The unique selling proposition for Olper’s cream is based on tagline â€Å"Life’s a Dessert† with the message of ad that â€Å"Creams of all Creams†. Olper’s Olwell: †¢ Packaging of Olper’s Olwell in Red color which distinguish it from competitors. †¢ Engro used the benefit positionin g for Olwell. The product is positioned as High calcium, low fat product. †¢ The unique selling proposition for Olper’s Olwell is based on tag line â€Å"†¦.. o you’re unstoppable† and with the message â€Å"Stop ageging†. Olper’s Owsum: †¢ Packaging of Owsum designed in a highly detailed comic book style and each packaging has a different world with respect to each flavor describing different story in each one. †¢ Engro use the specific positioning as Owsum flavored milk is for the children from 9 to 12 years age. It is the first time a company target this age group children. †¢ The unique selling proposition for Olper’s Owsum is based on tag line â€Å"Kill the Milk Monster† and the message of ad â€Å"Flavored milk socked out the simple milk†. Establish the points of parity:Companies establish the points of parity which are attributes or benefits which are not necessarily unique to the brand, and als o shared with other brands. The point of parity for the Engro dairy products are: †¢ Engro provides high quality to its customers, which same to its competitors Nestle and Haleeb because these companies also focus on high quality. †¢ Engro cover the whole country of Pakistan and its competitors also covers the all areas of Pakistan. †¢ Both the appearance and packaging of Engro products is very attractive. Its competitors packaging and appearance is also very attractive. Engro run its advertising on different channels like T. V, Radio, Newspapers and billboards. Nestle and Haleeb which are the competitors of Engro are also using the same channels. †¢ Engro used the 6 layered Tetra Pack packaging for its products. Nestle and Haleeb also using the same packaging technique. COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE Competitive advantage  means strategic advantage one business entity has over its rival entities within its competitive industry. Achieving competitive advantage strengthe ns and positions a business better within the business environment.Engro foods Ltd. has many advantages over its competitors which are given below. CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT The Engro foods continuously improve itself which is the major edge of Engro foods over its competitors. Feedback and its integration in the supply chain are essential to the continuous improvement of an organization that places so much importance on supply chain management. Engro Foods ensures feedback is obtained from all possible sources. As a result, contact is maintained with distributors regarding the consumers’ reaction or any complaints that they may have.In fact, any bad products or bad batches of products, if the consequence of any supply chain management glitches, are accepted back by the company and exchanged for new good stock free of cost. Feedback is also collected directly from the consumers via the company website, which allows consumers to lodge any complaints, put forward any queries, or j ust drop by their comments. The same information is also collected through the presence of the company address and phone number on all the packages, thus making the organization very accessible to the consumers. QUALITY CONTROLEngro Foods is committed to providing the best quality of products to the consumers at the lowest possible costs. In other words, it is a company that believes in the virtues of cost leadership and its prioritization for quality maintenance and control is reflected in stringent quality checks that are carried out both before and after the processing of the milk. Before Processing Quality control procedures are introduced right at the point of milk collection that is at the milk collection centers. Lab tests are conducted in order to check the milk for any adulteration and in fact the dhodhis are also educated to avoid adulteration of milk.An expert is stationed at these MCCs to ensure that the tests are conducted properly. Once the milk is approved and dispatc hed within 6 hours to either the Sahiwal or Sukkur plant, the next Quality check is carried out right at the time of milk reception at the plant where it is once again examined by qualified Chemists and Micro Biologists by conducting various tests. It is only after the milk clears certain tests that the Quality Control department accepts it and transfers it to the cooling plants. After Processing Quality control experts are involved throughout the production process.After the packaging process is complete, Quality control resurfaces this time not only to ensure that the packages are sterilized but also to ensure that the milk packages are of the prescribed weight. And after a final approval, the milk products are considered fit for delivery and transferred to the warehouse. The organization strives to achieve even better and better quality of the products which is why it collaborates with various research agencies to work on the development of the products. PR WITH FARMERS ENGRO has been interacting with the farmers for fertilizers and has gained quite a good reputation over the years.It has led to a strong bond and long term relationship with the farmers who are willing to supply milk to the company. This is an added advantage and strength for the company because it will never be short of milk production. The farmers also won’t have to look elsewhere to sell their milk. THIRD-GENERATION PLANT EFL only, has the third-generation UHT milk plant in the country. EFL plant is the only plant in Pakistan that uses Bactofuge technology to virtually eliminate bacteria and ensure premium quality and hygiene.Moreover, it is also setting up another milk processing plant in Central Punjab (Sahiwal) with an investment of Rs. 2 billion (US $ 33 million). ENGRO’S PROMOTION MIX TOOLS ADVERTISING Engro Foods Ltd. is always quite smart in exploring various mediums and reaching out to the maximum in an effective way. For instance, spreading the art of happiness via decorating of Lahore with flowers in the launch phase,  putting colorful streamers, Omore’ bloopers on TV channels. Omore is active in doing advertising since its launch.They believe that strong and effective advertisement is essential for product success. They have used their punch line â€Å"The Art of Happiness† since the start to expose and create brand image in the mind of the customers. This will also induce a desire for buying a product as in the ads they have shown that if you want to be happy, eat Omore. The followings are the advertisement vehicles used by Engro for the promotion of its Omore and other milk products product. Print & Broadcasting Ads Omore has conveyed their message of happiness, joy, fun and pleasure through their TV and print ads.The creative are so colorful and vibrant to support their slogan of happiness with the catchy jingle attached to it. They have broadcasted their ads on all the major TV channels, FM radio and social media like Fac ebook, Twitter, and Orkut and for print they have gone in all major magazines and newspapers. Packaging Outer Engro used the colorful packaging with product picture and name along with nutrition indigents and contact information. The color also helped to enhance the in-store visibility and presence for its Olper’s packaged milk, and the brand was instantly disassociated from its competition.The brand also worked to ensure it established an image of being a healthy and natural product. Its optimistic and vibrant tag line—â€Å"Good Morning Life†Ã¢â‚¬â€along with the unique red color, became the soul of the Olper’s brand identity across various media outlets. Brochures & Booklets Brochures and booklets were distributed outside the big famous marts at the time of launching. Posters & Leaflets Product promotion posters were placed outside the stores like ice pops, choc stick etc. At the time of launching leaflets were showered from aircrafts in different are as of cities.Billboards To promote the Omore brand, Engro placed it on billboards at all the major intersection in different cities like Lahore, Karachi, Multan, Islamabad and Peshawar. It is the visual representation of the product by showing the customer a slice from their own lives, something to which they can refer when they are going to buy a product. Billboard is an expensive media but can reach a wide range of customer and is high in creating awareness. Point Of Purchase Displays Engro placed Omore carts outside all the major malls/marts and grocery stores at the time of launching it.Audiovisual Material Jingle and music used by Engro for its products are so strong through which people easily recognize its products. The simple and classy tune of OLPER’s and the tag line called out loud i. e. â€Å"SUBHA BAKHAIR ZINDAGI† was easily identifiable by 90% of the targeted audience. It means that the uniqueness of the sound remains in the mind of the consumers. Symbols & Logos To promote the Omore, Engro used the symbols related to happiness, joy and fun. Their logo is oval in shape with pink inside and white outside. SALES PROMOTIONSSales promotion is a variety of short term incentive to encourage trial or purchase of product. When used effectively, sales promotions can help to move old stock, counteract competitor activity, merchandise new products, encourage repeat buying and motivate your staff. They can also be monitored, so the success of a particular sales promotion can be measured over time. It is a good way of attracting new customers. The type of promotion selected also has to be relevant to the target customers as well as the company’s own marketing objectives.Contest, Games & Sweepstakes Omore has conducted contest and sweepstakes to attract customers and make them start liking the product. They have done it before launching it in Punjab and now in Karachi, they have conducted morning shows on Hum TV. Omore has launched an inte ractive application on its Facebook fun page which allows the users to participate in a weekly drawing contest. Sampling Sampling was done by Omore at the time of launch in all the major cities to increase the customer awareness and also create the liking of the product. EntertainmentJingle and music is so important and strong that people recognize Omore with it. Trade In Allowance Omore gives 16% trade allowance to all the retailers and wholesalers. PUBLIC RELATIONS Public relations (or PR) involve a sustained attempt to develop the reputation as a business by using the media to help create the image the company desire. It is a way of keeping the business in your customer’s eyes. News or press releases can be distributed to the media to announce, for example, new product launches, a change in opening times or company successes.Articles can be distributed to trade journals or local newspapers, and sponsorship or charitable donations can help to position a company business mor e prominently in the market place than competitors. Attendance at exhibitions and seminars can also help to promote the image of the company to a chosen target audience Charitable Donations An Engro food has also proved itself to be a socially responsible company in many ways. For example when our nation faced a major catastrophic in the form of the floods which shook the foundation of our country.Engro foods stood firm in its commitment to the social causes and provided the financial help, food and shelter through the help of various relief organizations. Sponsorship Omore have sponsored several TV programs, morning shows and cricket matches. Publications Omore has done publication which reflects its vision and objectives in the short and long run. They have provided information on how the Omore ice cream goes about its operations and how Omore ice cream nutritious because it uses pure dairy products as compared to the competitors.PERSONAL SELLING Personal selling is face to face i nteraction with one or more prospective purchasers for the purpose of making presentations, answering questions and purchase orders. This is the most effective form of promotion because it allows your approach to be tailored to the needs of an individual customer. Getting a sale is ultimately extremely important, but the process involves a lot more than this. It is about having a constructive dialogue with customers to listen to their needs, promote product & company enefits on an individual basis, answer any questions, resolve any problems and get their feedback before clinching a sale. Face-to-face, a sales person can build a relationship with the customer- understanding their needs and feeding back this knowledge to the business to improve products, customer service standards, competitor knowledge etc. Employing a sales person is a costly exercise in the first instance, but it is one that will provide a pay back, usually within 1-2 years. Sales Presentation Omore is selling their products via charts. Incentive ProgramsOmore has given refrigerators to its retailers for their ice cream products. It also gives 16% trade allowance to all the retailers and wholesalers as an incentive. Incentives also include branding of store on achievements of target sales. Fair & Trade Shows Omore has conducted a beach festival to gain the attention of customer and make them aware of the product in Karachi. They also conducted Basant festival in Punjab. DIRECT MARKETING Direct marketing consists of mail, telephone, fax, email or internet to communicate directly with or solicit response or dialogue from specific customers and prospects.Direct marketing is not used by Omore because the product is already easily available. Another reason of not using this tool is that mostly people in Pakistan are unaware of purchasing products through these channels. BASIC TACTICS USED Engro foods in most of advertisements used association as basic tactic and associate their product with particu lar atmosphere and circumstances in the Olpers advertisement they relate the product with the environment of home where they show that everybody in the home require pure milk which is Olpers.In the omore advertisement they show that when the person uses omore he moves into an imaginary environment which is very excited for him so they associate their product with that environment. In olfrute advertisement they show an excited family in which everyone wants balance in diet so they need juice and associate their product with a situation when there is need of balance in diet then olfrute should be used with the normal diet. So here also association is used as basic tactic. CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENTCustomer relationship management is the process of carefully managing detailed information about individual customers and all customer touch points to maximize customer loyalty. â€Å"Consumer is the reason for our existence as a business. † CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT IN E NGRO FOODS According to engro foods view, CRM consists of: †¢ Helping olpers to enable its marketing departments to identify and target their best customers, manage marketing campaigns and generate quality leads for the sales team. Assisting olpers to improve account and sales management by optimizing information shared by multiple employees, and streamlining existing processes. †¢ Allowing the formation of individualized relationships with customers, with the aim of improving customer satisfaction and maximizing profits; identifying the most profitable customers and providing them the highest level of service. †¢ Providing olpers employees with the information and processes necessary to know their customers, understand and identify customer needs and effectively build relationships between the company, its customer base, and distribution partners.CUSTOMERS TOUCH POINTS Customer touch point is any occasion on which customers encounters the brand and product. Following are the customers touch points which Olper’s uses for catering to the relationship of its customers: Marketing Value Addition †¢ Float Activity †¢ Banners †¢ Road Show†¢ T. V Commercials †¢ Rural Melas †¢ Buntings †¢ Buchat Bazars †¢ Posters †¢ Institutional promotions †¢ New Articles †¢ Free Samplings †¢ Vehicle Branding †¢ Chain store Promotions †¢ Gala Event Management †¢ Carnivals †¢ Music Concerts †¢ Funfair Marketing Float ActivityOne way that Engro foods and Olpers have chosen to interact with their customer is Float Activity. Olpers have been launching promotional activities all the time and according to them this float activity proved to be very effective to keep in touch with their customers. Road Shows In the summer of 2009 when Engro foods launched their new product line of Dairy Ice Cream Omore initially in Lahore the whole city was decorated with different road side banners and place cards. This is a traditional Engro food way to keep in touch with their customer and also to promote their new product.According to Olpers Road shows are a very easy yet effective way to keep in touch with customers. Rural Melas Since Pakistan is a country with most of its population still living in rural areas, Olpers decided to reach those potential consumers with a different approach and they arranged different rural side Melas in which they can easily state their point and make the potential customers a loyal customer Bachat Bazars Bachat Bazars are very common in Pakistan and since this is a trend in the market Engro foods used this way to reach to its existing customers and also targeted new customers in this 1-2-1 marketing way.Free Sampling To promote and let the people who have not yet tested the product companies use the technique called free sampling. And Engro foods have done free sampling to make sure that people are aware of the product and also to get the feed back out of the customers to make sure if there are any lags in the product. Chain Store Promotions Another 1-2-1 way of marketing technique that Engro foods have adopted to create effective touch point with their customer is by putting their brand in all the chain store in Pakistan in this way people can have access easily to the product and they do not have to look for the product.Event Management Carnivals Engro foods have worked their way in the customer’s heart by knowing them in every way. They try to promote their products and make sure that their product is available in carnivals and all special events that are taking place Music Concert Omore Ice cream launch was unique in its kind as they had music concert with leading Bands of Pakistan performing in these concerts. Since they feel like sponsoring such events creates a good way to interact with their customers Fun FairOne way to have direct contact with the customer is to promote different fun fair all over the coun try. This way existing customer and new customer both are easily targeted. Value Addition Banners An effective way to add customer value towards the product is to display banners and bill boards all over the city so that customer are aware of their brand and make them feel proud about their brand. T. V Commercials T. V commercials are very effective and excellent way to promote the product and also to increase the value of customers.It’s easy way to reach the customers mind and create a positive image towards a brand. Posters Posters are cheap and easy to display way to reach into customers mind and create a positive view of the brand and also to increase the value a customer holds towards the product and Engro food have worked hard to gain this position REDUCING THE CUSTOMER DEFECTION RATE It is not enough, however, to attract new customers the company must keep them and Increase their businesses. To reduce the customer defection rate OLPERS position the brand in a way that the customer prefer only Olpers products.Positioning involves designing the product and image that will occupy a distinctive place in the minds of the target market. As can e seen, nestle milk pack, and Haleeb have the largest profit margins and market share in the milk industry. Thus the marketers at Olpers have to decide to create its own unique image and then strengthen the position in the customers mind. They have done a number of following steps: 1. Packaging of Olper’s milk and Olwell in red color and Olpers cream in purple color are quite different and distinctive from the typical green and blue packing used by other competitors. . The brand has been positioned as an all purpose milk that is meant for everyone, especially for those who live life to the fullest, hence its tag line, â€Å"jo dil khol kay jeetay hain unheen kay liyay hai Olper’s† BUILDING LOYALTY Creating a long tight connection to customers is the dream of any marketer & key to long term ma rketing success. Olpers build loyality of customers towards its products in the following way: 1. As compared to Milk pack and Haleeb Olpers have advantage over its touch points which create a strong loyalty of customers towards Olpers. 2.One way that Olpers have adopted to gather the feedback and build strong relation with their customers is that they have asked their customers to contact and give suggestions that are listened. 3. Olpers works in the heart of its customers by knowing what is special for them. Like in Ramadan Olpers introduce and promote the traditional Ramadan theme so that the 4. Customers who value their religious heritage they are more attracted and so that in long term they are much more loyal customers towards the brand. 5. The marketers have used different positioning for Olper’s products: a.They have used the attribute positioning for Olper’s milk. The main theme of the product is that it is meant for all purposes without any user imagery. Olpe r’s ads also show attributes of milk such as good for health. b. They used the benefit positioning for Olwell. The product is positioned as delivering the benefit of helping to reduce weight and for healthy bones. c. Olper’s cream is positioned as good for a specific use or application. In this case the cream can be used to make cake icings and desserts look great. Measuring customer-based brand equityHR managers used questionnaires to find how customers feel about the brand. They used the indirect approach with different qualitative and projective techniques (the questionnaire contained some questions related to sentence completion and brand personality description). They used this to understand customers’ feelings for the brand. The managers agree that ENGRO Foods has helped improve the image for Olper’s. They assessed the leverage of secondary associations in this case by comparing the company’s characteristic with the characteristics of Olperâ €™s. Managing customer-based brand equityThe organization is managing the customer based brand equity because they realize the significance of marketing activities and their effect on creating more value for the brand, and so by influencing brand knowledge, sales can be improved. Olper’s is concentrating on the emotional aspect in their ads in order to focus on the core need of customers that can be satisfied. Olper’s has also funded Women’s exhibition in Karachi a few months ago and currently is sponsoring cricket World Cup 2007, and further adding more value to the brand and managing customer-based brand equity. REFERENCES http://www. oracle. com/us/corporate/customers/engro-foods-crm-on-deman-078691. pdf †¢ http://engro. com/ †¢ http://engro. com/our-businesses/engro-foods-limited/ †¢ http://engro. com/fact-sheet-engro-foods-limited/ †¢ http://www. theideaartist. com/index. php/tag/engro/ †¢ http://www. managementparadise. com/for ums/marketing-management/209200-marketing-mix-engro-corporation. html †¢ http://guppu. com/2009/04/11/engro-foods-launches-omore-marketing-review/ †¢ http://www. pakvisit. com/jobs/jobs%20in%20engro%20foods%20Pakistan. html †¢ http://engro. com/wp-content/themes/engro-v1. /pdf/quarterlyreport2011/engro-food-sep-2011. pdf †¢ http://pakmediablog. net/220/omore-files/ †¢ http://pressrelease. pk/fmcg/engro-foods-launches-tarang-bhara-des-campaign/ ———————– Geographic Demographic Psychographic Behavioral †¢ Nations †¢ States †¢ Countries †¢ Province †¢ Age †¢ Family †¢ Gender †¢ Income †¢ Social class †¢ Life style †¢ Personality †¢ Values †¢ Benefits †¢ Loyalty †¢ User status †¢ User rate Olper’s Olper’s Milk Olper’s Cream Olper’s Olwell Olper’s Olfrute Olper’s Owsum 1. Defining the comp etitive frame of reference 2. Establish the points of difference 3. Establish the points of parity